Nkuko twese tubizi, Internet yerekeza kumurongo rusange rusange, ugizwe numuyoboro mwinshi uhujwe.Kugeza ubu, igisekuru cya mbere cya Web1.0 kivuga ku minsi ya mbere ya interineti, cyatangiye kuva 1994 kugeza 2004 kandi harimo no kuvuka ibihangange ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nka Twitter na Facebook.Ishingiye cyane cyane ku buhanga bwa HTTP, isangira inyandiko zimwe na mudasobwa zitandukanye ku mugaragaro kandi ikaboneka binyuze kuri interineti.Urubuga1.0 rusomwa gusa, hariho abarema ibintu bike cyane, kandi umubare munini wabakoresha bakora nkabakoresha ibintu.Kandi birahagaze, kubura imikoranire, umuvuduko wo kugera biratinda, kandi guhuza abakoresha ni bike;Igisekuru cya kabiri cya interineti, Web2.0, ni interineti ikoreshwa kuva 2004 kugeza ubu.Internet izagira impinduka ahagana mu 2004, kubera iterambere ryihuta rya interineti, ibikorwa remezo bya fibre optique na moteri zishakisha, bityo abakoresha ibyo bakeneye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, umuziki, gusangira amashusho no gucuruza byiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, bituma habaho iterambere riturika rya Web2. .0.Urubuga2.0 ntirukorwa nurubuga rwumwuga cyangwa amatsinda yihariye yabantu, ahubwo nabakoresha interineti bose bafite uburenganzira bungana bwo kwitabira no gufatanya kurema.Umuntu wese arashobora gutanga ibitekerezo bye cyangwa gukora ibintu byumwimerere kuri enterineti.Kubwibyo, interineti muriki gihe yibanda cyane kuburambe bwabakoresha no guhuza ibikorwa;Igisekuru cya gatatu cya interineti, Web3.0, bivuga igisekuru kizaza cya interineti, kizaba gishingiye ku bwenge bw’ubukorikori hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya blocain kugirango biteze imbere uburyo bushya bwa interineti.
Urubuga3.0 rushingiye ku ikorana buhanga, kandi kimwe mu bintu byingenzi biranga ni kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage.Tekinoroji ya Blockchain yabyaye ikintu gishya cyitwa amasezerano yubwenge, ntishobora kwandika amakuru gusa, ariko kandi ikoresha porogaramu, umwimerere ukeneye kugira seriveri ihuriweho kugirango ikore porogaramu, mubuhanga bwa blocain, ntabwo bakeneye seriveri ya seriveri, bo irashobora gukora, ibyo bikaba byegerejwe abaturage.Ubu rero izwi kandi nka "Smart Smart", nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1 n'icya 2. Internet y'inganda ni iki?Muri make, bivuga gukoresha inganda zishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya interineti, rihuza amashami atandukanye, ibikoresho, ibikoresho, n'ibindi, mu kigo binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ry’urusobe kugira ngo bigere ku guhanahana amakuru, imikoranire n’ubufatanye, hagamijwe kunoza imikorere, kugabanya ibiciro, no kunoza imikorere yubucuruzi.Kubwibyo, hamwe niterambere ryigisekuru cya mbere, igisekuru cya kabiri nigisekuru cya gatatu cya interineti, hariho kandi iterambere ryibihe bya enterineti.Urubuga rwa interineti ni iki?Yerekeza ku rubuga rw'ikoranabuhanga rwubatswe rushingiye kuri interineti, rushobora gutanga serivisi n'imirimo itandukanye, nka moteri ishakisha, imbuga nkoranyambaga, imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi, uburezi kuri interineti, serivisi zikora n'ibindi.Kubwibyo, hamwe nibihe bitandukanye byiterambere rya interineti, hariho urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda2.0 hamwe na web3.0.Kugeza ubu, urubuga rwa interineti rwa serivise yinganda zikoreshwa ninganda zikora cyane cyane rwerekeza kuri web2.0, ikoreshwa ryuru rubuga rifite ibyiza byaryo, ariko hariho n’ibitagenda neza, kandi ubu ibihugu biratera imbere kurubuga rwa web3.0 kuri ishingiro ryurubuga2.0.
Iterambere rya enterineti ninganda zayo mugihe cya web2.0 mubushinwa
Urubuga rwa interineti rw’inganda mu Bushinwa ruri mu rusobe, urubuga, umutekano sisitemu eshatu kugira ngo tugere ku majyambere manini, mu mpera za 2022, inganda z’inganda z’igihugu zikora ibikorwa by’ibanze bigenzura umubare kandi igipimo cy’ibikoresho bya R & D cyinjira kigera kuri 58.6%, 77.0%, mubusanzwe yashizeho uburyo bwuzuye, buranga, umwuga urwego rwinganda rwa interineti.Kugeza ubu, urubuga rwa interineti 35 rukomeye rwa interineti mu nganda mu Bushinwa rwahujije ibikoresho birenga miliyoni 85 by’ibikoresho by’inganda kandi bikorera inganda miliyoni 9.36 zose hamwe, zikaba zikubiyemo inganda 45 z’inganda z’ubukungu bw’igihugu.Imiterere mishya hamwe nubucuruzi nkibishushanyo mbonera, imicungire ya digitale, inganda zubwenge, ubufatanye bwurusobe, kugena imiterere yihariye, no kwagura serivisi biratera imbere.Ihinduka rya digitale yinganda zUbushinwa ryihuse cyane.
Kugeza ubu, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya interineti y’inganda ryageze no mu nganda z’ingenzi z’ubukungu bw’igihugu, rigizwe n’ibice bitandatu byo gushushanya urubuga, gukora ubwenge, ubufatanye bw’urusobe, kugena imiterere yihariye, kwagura serivisi, no gucunga imibare, byateje imbere ubuziranenge, imikorere , kugabanya ibiciro, iterambere ryicyatsi niterambere ryubukungu nyabwo.Imbonerahamwe 1 irerekana panorama yiterambere rya interineti yinganda zinganda ninganda nyinshi, harimo n’inganda zikora imyenda n’imyenda.
Imbonerahamwe 1 Panorama yiterambere rya enterineti munganda zimwe na zimwe
Urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda ni uburyo bwa serivisi bushingiye ku ikusanyamakuru rusange, gukusanya no gusesengura amakuru ku buryo bwa digitale, imiyoboro hamwe n’ubwenge bukenewe mu nganda zikora inganda, zifasha guhuza ahantu hose, gutanga ibintu byoroshye no gutanga neza ibikoresho by’inganda.Urebye mubukungu, ibi byashizeho urubuga rwingirakamaro kuri interineti yinganda.Bavuga ko urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda rufite agaciro cyane cyane kuko rufite imirimo itatu igaragara: (1) Hashingiwe ku mbuga gakondo z’inganda, urubuga rwa interineti rw’inganda rwazamuye umusaruro, gukwirakwiza no gukoresha neza ubumenyi bw’inganda, rwateje imbere umubare munini ya porogaramu zikoreshwa, kandi yashizeho uburyo bubiri bwimikoranire ecosystem hamwe nabakoresha inganda.Urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda ni "sisitemu y'imikorere" ya sisitemu nshya y'inganda.Urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda rushingiye ku buryo bunoze bwo guhuza ibikoresho, moteri ikomeye yo gutunganya amakuru, ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije byiterambere, hamwe na serivisi zishingiye ku bumenyi bw’inganda
Ihuza ibikoresho byinganda, ibikoresho nibicuruzwa kumanuka, ishyigikira iterambere ryihuse no kohereza imishinga yubwenge yinganda hejuru, kandi yubaka sisitemu nshya yinganda ishingiye kuri software yoroheje kandi ifite ubwenge.(3) Urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda nigikorwa cyiza cyo gukusanya umutungo no kugabana.Urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda ruhuza amakuru, amakuru ashora imari, guhanga impano, ibikoresho byo gukora nubushobozi bwo gukora mubicu, kandi ikusanya inganda zinganda, inganda n’itumanaho, imishinga ya interineti, abaterankunga b’abandi bantu hamwe n’ibindi bigo mu gicu, bikora a gusabana gufatanya uburyo bwo gukora nuburyo bwishyirahamwe.
Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2021, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yasohoye "Gahunda y’imyaka 14 y’imyaka itanu yo kwishyira hamwe mu buryo bwimbitse bwo kumenyekanisha amakuru n’inganda" (mu magambo ahinnye yitwa "Gahunda"), byateje imbere urubuga rwa interineti rw’inganda kuzamura umushinga nkumushinga wingenzi wo guhuza byombi.Duhereye kuri sisitemu ifatika, urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda rugizwe nibice bitatu: urusobe, urubuga n'umutekano, kandi ikoreshwa ryarwo mu nganda zikora rugaragarira cyane cyane muri serivisi zikora nkumusaruro wubwenge bwa digitale, ubufatanye bwurusobe, na kugiti cye.
Ikoreshwa rya serivise za enterineti mu nganda mu nganda zirashobora kubona inyungu nyinshi kuruta porogaramu rusange hamwe n’igicu rusange cy’inganda, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2. Gukoresha serivisi za interineti zikoresha inganda mu nganda z’Ubushinwa zishobora kubona inyungu nyinshi, zishobora kugaragazwa na kimwe hiyongereyeho gukuramo imwe, nka kimwe wongeyeho: umusaruro w'umurimo wiyongera 40-60% kandi ibikoresho byose byiyongera 10-25% nibindi;Kugabanuka gukoresha ingufu 5-25% nigihe cyo gutanga 30-50%, nibindi, reba Ishusho 3.
Uyu munsi, uburyo bukuru bwa serivise mugihe cyurubuga rwa interineti rwinganda2.0 mubushinwa ni: (1) uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byoherezwa mu nganda zikomeye, nka "ubumenyi bwo gukora, software, ibyuma" bitatu bya MEicoqing Urubuga rwa interineti rwa serivisi, Haier's enterineti ya serivise yinganda yubatswe hashingiwe kuburyo bwihariye bwo gukora.Umuyoboro wibicu bya Aerospace Group ni urubuga rwa interineti rwa serivise yinganda zishingiye ku guhuza no guhuza umutungo wo hejuru no munsi yinganda.. umubare w'inganda nto n'iziciriritse;. ibikoresho byumusaruro, kubigira digitale, urusobe, rwikora kandi rwubwenge.Kurangiza kugera kubikorwa bya serivise no kugabanya ibiciro.Nibyo, tuzi ko nubwo hariho moderi nyinshi, ntabwo byoroshye kugera kubitsinzi, kuko kuri buri nganda zikora inganda, umusaruro wibintu ntabwo ari kimwe, inzira ntabwo ari imwe, inzira ntabwo ari imwe, ibikoresho ntabwo ari bimwe, umuyoboro ntabwo ari umwe, ndetse na moderi yubucuruzi nuhererekanyabubasha ntabwo ari kimwe.Imbere y'ibyo bikenewe, ntibishoboka rwose gukemura ibibazo byose binyuze kumurongo wa serivise rusange, hanyuma ugasubira muburyo bwihariye, bushobora gusaba urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda muri buri gice.
Muri Gicurasi 2023, "Icyifuzo cyo Guhitamo Urubuga rwa interineti rw’inganda" (GB / T42562-2023) urwego rw’igihugu ruyobowe n’ikigo cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe ikoranabuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga ryemejwe ku mugaragaro kandi rusohoka, ihame rya mbere riteganya amahame yo gutoranya n’uburyo bwo guhitamo interineti y’inganda urubuga, reba Ishusho ya 4;Icya kabiri, isobanura ubushobozi icyenda cyingenzi tekinike tekinike ya enterineti igomba guhura, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5. Icya kabiri, ubushobozi 18 bwo gutera inkunga ubucuruzi bushingiye ku mbuga zo kongerera ubushobozi imishinga busobanurwa, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6. Itangazwa ry’iki gipimo rishobora guhuza kumashyaka atandukanye ajyanye nurubuga, irashobora gutanga ubushobozi bwo kubaka urubuga rwinganda za enterineti zinganda, irashobora gutanga urutonde rwibisabwa ninganda zikora inganda guhitamo urubuga, gufasha ibigo gusuzuma urwego rwinganda Imbuga za interineti zongerera ubushobozi, hanyuma uhitemo urubuga rwa interineti rukwiye.
Niba inganda zikora imyenda zihisemo urubuga rwo gukorera inganda zubwenge zikora inganda, muri rusange bikorwa hakurikijwe inzira iri mu gishushanyo cya 4. Kugeza ubu, imyubakire myiza yo gushyira mu bikorwa ubuhanga bwogukora imyenda igomba kwerekanwa ku gishushanyo 7, hamwe urwego rwibikorwa remezo byiza, urwego rwimikorere, urwego rwimikorere hamwe nuruhande rwo kubara.
Ubwubatsi bwa platform yavuzwe haruguru bwubatswe hashingiwe kumurongo wa enterineti ya web2.0 yinganda, twavuze mubihe byashize, inganda zikora imyenda hejuru yurwego rwo kwiyubakira urubuga rwa interineti2.0 nibyiza, imishinga mito n'iciriritse ikora inganda kugeza Serivise yubukode nibyiza, mubyukuri, aya magambo ntabwo arukuri rwose, Kuberako guhitamo kwiyubakira urubuga rwa interineti2.0 cyangwa serivise yubukode bigomba guhitamo ukurikije ibihe byihariye nibikenewe byikigo, aho gushingira gusa ingano yikigo.Icya kabiri, inganda zikora ntizikoresha urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda rwa web2.0, kandi zirashobora kugera kubikorwa byubwenge hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo, nko gukoresha uburyo bwonyine bwo kohereza amakuru no gusesengura amakuru, cyangwa gukoresha izindi mbuga z’abandi bantu.Ariko, ugereranije, urubuga rwa interineti rwinganda web2.0 rufite ubunini buke kandi bworoshye, kandi rushobora guhuza neza ibikenerwa ninganda zikora.
Gukora imyenda yubwenge bizashyirwa mubikorwa kurubuga rwa interineti rwubwenge rwa interineti.
Duhereye kubyavuzwe haruguru, dushobora kubona ko nubwo urubuga rwa Web2.0 rushingiye kuri interineti yinganda rufite ibintu byinshi biranga: (1) uruhare runini rwabakoresha - urubuga rwa Web2.0 rwemerera abakoresha kwitabira no gusabana, kugirango abakoresha basangire ibyabo bwite n'uburambe, gusabana nabandi bakoresha, no gushiraho umuryango munini;...Nyamara, urubuga rwa web2.0 rufite kandi amakosa menshi: (1) ibibazo byumutekano - hari ibibazo byumutekano murubuga rwa Web2.0, nko kumenyekanisha ubuzima bwite, ibitero byurusobe nibindi bibazo, bisaba ibigo gushimangira ingamba zumutekano;...(5) Serivisi za Web2.0 zifite gahunda yihariye, kandi igiciro cyo gukodesha ni kinini, bigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yabakoresha imishinga nibindi.Ni ukubera ibyo bibazo niho urubuga rwa web3 rwavutse.Web3.0 nigisekuru kizaza cyiterambere rya interineti, rimwe na rimwe bita "interineti ikwirakwizwa" cyangwa "interineti ifite ubwenge".Kugeza ubu, Web3.0 iracyari mu ntangiriro yiterambere, ariko izashingira kumurongo, ubwenge bwubukorikori, interineti yibintu nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga kugirango igere kuri porogaramu za interineti zifite ubwenge kandi zegerejwe abaturage, kugirango amakuru arusheho kugira umutekano, ubuzima bwite ni bwinshi arinzwe, kandi abakoresha bahabwa serivisi zihariye kandi zinoze.Kubwibyo, ishyirwa mubikorwa ryubwenge bwubwenge kurubuga rwa web3 bitandukanye no gushyira mubikorwa inganda zubwenge kurubuga rwa interineti2, itandukaniro nuko: (1) kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage - urubuga rwa Web3 rushingiye kumikoreshereze ya blocain kandi rukamenya ibiranga kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage.Ibi bivuze ko inganda zubwenge zashyizwe mubikorwa kurubuga rwa Web3 zizarushaho kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no demokarasi, nta nzego zishinzwe kugenzura.Buri wese mu bitabiriye amahugurwa ashobora gutunga no kugenzura amakuru ye adashingiye ku mbuga rusange cyangwa ibigo;(2) Ibanga ryumutekano n'umutekano - Urubuga rwa Web3 rwibanda ku buzima bwite n'umutekano by'amakuru y'abakoresha.Blockchain tekinoroji itanga ibiranga encryption hamwe nububiko bwegerejwe abaturage, bigatuma amakuru yumukoresha arushaho kugira umutekano.Iyo ibikorwa byubwenge bishyizwe mubikorwa kurubuga rwa Web3, birashobora kurinda neza ubuzima bwite bwabakoresha no gukumira ikoreshwa nabi ryamakuru.Kwizerana no gukorera mu mucyo - Urubuga rwa 3 rugera ku kwizerana no gukorera mu mucyo binyuze mu buryo nk'amasezerano y'ubwenge.Amasezerano yubwenge ni amasezerano yo kwikorera wenyine amategeko n'amabwiriza byashyizwe kumurongo kandi ntibishobora guhungabana.Muri ubu buryo, inganda zubwenge zashyizwe mubikorwa kurubuga rwa Web3 zirashobora kurushaho gukorera mu mucyo, kandi abitabiriye amahugurwa barashobora kugenzura no kugenzura imikorere nigikorwa cya sisitemu;.Ibikorwa byubwenge bishyirwa mubikorwa kurubuga rwa Web3 bituma habaho guhanahana agaciro binyuze mubimenyetso, imishinga yubucuruzi yoroheje nuburyo bwubufatanye, nibindi byinshi.Muri make, gukora ubwenge byashyizwe mubikorwa kurubuga rwa Web3 byibanda cyane kubikorwa byo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, ubuzima bwite bwamakuru n’umutekano, kwizerana no gukorera mu mucyo, no guhana agaciro kuruta gushyira mu bikorwa urubuga rwa Web2.Ibiranga bizana udushya twinshi niterambere ryiterambere mubikorwa byubwenge.Urubuga rwa Web3.0 rufitanye isano rya bugufi nubukorikori bwubwenge bwinganda zikora imyenda, kubera ko ishingiro rya Web3.0 ari interineti yubwenge ishingiye ku bwenge bwa artile na tekinoroji ya blocain, izatanga ubufasha bwubwenge, bukora neza kandi bwizewe kubuhanga bwubwenge gukora imyenda, bityo biteza imbere iterambere ryihuse ryimyenda yubwenge.By'umwihariko, ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya Web3.0 mu gukora imyenda yubwenge ikubiyemo ibintu bikurikira: (1) Gusangira amakuru - Ukurikije ikoranabuhanga rya Web3.0, inganda zikora imyenda zirashobora kumenya gusaranganya amakuru mubikoresho bitandukanye, imirongo itanga umusaruro, abakozi, nibindi. , kugirango tugere ku buryo bunoze bwo gukora no gukora;...Kubwibyo, Web3.0 ifitanye isano rya bugufi nubukorikori bwubwenge bwinganda zikora imyenda, kandi bizatanga umwanya mugari hamwe nubwenge bwubwenge, bukora neza kandi bwizewe bwa tekiniki yo guteza imbere inganda zubwenge.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2023